The Renaissance condition Essay Example For Students

The Renaissance condition Essay Despite the fact that the mean exhibits a dissimilarity in scores between various kinds of music it can't show the contrast between these gatherings of scores. The range shows the variety in the information in spite of the fact that it just considers the two extraordinary scores. This can't give a decent portrayal of the gatherings as an odd score will genuinely influence the outcomes and isn't exceptionally illustrative of the gathering all in all. From the outcomes a standard deviation has been utilized to quantify the appropriation of scores around the mean. As can be seen from the table above or the standard deviation bar outline, Mozarts old style music has the littlest standard deviation, trailed by renaissance and afterward Baroque. This uncovers 68. 26% of all scores in the Mozart condition lie between 78 seconds and 203 seconds and 95. 44% of all scores lie between 16 seconds and 266 seconds. This is an equivalently low standard deviation contrasted with the other two conditions. The Renaissance condition had 68. 26% of all scores between 106 seconds and 259 seconds and the Baroque condition had 68.26% of all scores between 96 seconds and 269 seconds. To break down the outcomes the Related T test was likewise used to test the hugeness of the investigation. The Related T-Test was utilized as the structure was a rehashed measure plan and the information type was proportion. As appeared by the mean in the table above there was a positive contrast between the time taken to finish the critical thinking test and the kind of music. This distinction is likewise shown in the charts attracted to show the underlying outcomes before measurable investigation. Theory 1: We will compose a custom article on The Renaissance condition explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The nearness of Baroque music will have an effect on the time taken to finish a critical thinking task in contrast with Mozart old style music. Theory 2: The nearness of Renaissance music will have an effect on the time taken to finish a critical thinking task in contrast with Mozart traditional music. Invalid Hypothesis 1: The nearness of Baroque music will have no effect on the time taken to finish a critical thinking task in contrast with Mozart traditional music. Any slight varieties in execution will be put down to risk. Invalid Hypothesis 2: The nearness of Renaissance music will have no effect on the time taken to finish a critical thinking task in contrast with Mozart old style music. Any slight varieties in execution will be put down to risk. To test these speculations the Related T test was utilized to contrast Baroque and Renaissance and Mozarts old style music to check whether there is a noteworthy distinction between them. The determined an incentive from the Related T-Test was 1. 291539956 for Baroque and 1. 640396499 for Renaissance. Extravagant: For df = 11 and t = 1. 291539956 the likelihood that the outcome was because of chance was over 10%. The outcome in the Baroque condition was thusly not huge. The invalid speculation must be acknowledged on this test, as the exhibition of the members has not been influenced by the Baroque music, in contrast with Mozart, at a critical level. Renaissance: For df = 11 and t = 1. 640396499 the likelihood that the outcome was because of chance was over 10%. The outcome in the Renaissance condition was along these lines not critical. The invalid speculation must be acknowledged on this test, as the exhibition of the members has not been influenced by the Renaissance music, in contrast with Mozart, at a noteworthy level. End: The investigation has demonstrated a distinction in capacity to issue settle under other verifiable bits of music other than Mozart. The mean outcome demonstrated that Baroque and Renaissance music have an unfavorable influence when played rather than Mozart. Anyway the outcomes under Baroque and Renaissance are not noteworthy which underpins the invalid speculation and implies that theory 1 and 2 must be dismissed. Conversation: The point of this examination was to perceive what impact varieties of traditional styled music has on the audience and whether it is carefully just Mozart that can deliver enhancements in critical thinking related activities. As per the mean the quicker paced music like the Baroque and Renaissance appeared to have an inconvenient effect in examination with the recently settled guide of old style music, anyway the outcomes were not a huge level so the varieties in the mean must be disposed of. In spite of the unimportance of the information the outcomes demonstrated an impact of the diverse music styles on the members. .u39847471dfe677eb69fdea8e2bb92e6c , .u39847471dfe677eb69fdea8e2bb92e6c .postImageUrl , .u39847471dfe677eb69fdea8e2bb92e6c .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u39847471dfe677eb69fdea8e2bb92e6c , .u39847471dfe677eb69fdea8e2bb92e6c:hover , .u39847471dfe677eb69fdea8e2bb92e6c:visited , .u39847471dfe677eb69fdea8e2bb92e6c:active { border:0!important; } .u39847471dfe677eb69fdea8e2bb92e6c .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u39847471dfe677eb69fdea8e2bb92e6c { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u39847471dfe677eb69fdea8e2bb92e6c:active , .u39847471dfe677eb69fdea8e2bb92e6c:hover { haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u39847471dfe677eb69fdea8e2bb92e6c .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u39847471dfe677eb69fdea8e2bb92e6c .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .u39847471dfe677eb69fdea8e2bb92e6c .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u39847471dfe677eb69fdea8e2bb92e6c .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-improvement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u39847471dfe677eb69fdea8e2bb92e6c:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u39847471dfe677eb69fdea8e2bb92e 6c .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u39847471dfe677eb69fdea8e2bb92e6c-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u39847471dfe677eb69fdea8e2bb92e6c:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: European Renaissance Terms and NamesThe table demonstrates that those tuning in to the Mozart old style music had a mean normal of about 40 seconds music less then the other two styles of music. This was an astounding truth, as past exploration didn't propose a very remarkable contrast, if any whatsoever, between the various kinds of recorded music. This investigation did not depend on one lone bit of past exploration, however various associated examines. Thus, the outcomes can't be legitimately assessed with those of another examination, despite the fact that Mayfield and Moss (1989) can relate them to the investigation. Their examination indicated that quick music raised pressure to members while moderate music could assist with loosening up them, allowing them to take care of issues faster. Addressing the members after the test they referenced that they observably felt at more straightforwardness with the old style music playing than the other two pieces. The aftereffects of the examination that has been directed complexities those of Stough et al. (1994), who set up that traditional music didn't modify the exhibition of an IQ test. An IQ test puts out inquiries that the member couldn't have the foggiest idea about the response to regardless of what music is played. Anyway this examination that has been led included issues where the appropriate responses were consistently present, it essentially took the sort of reasoning that is upheld by being loose and not focused on, accordingly influencing how they adapted to the issues. The water container issue has its impediments in light of its dubious basic structure that isn't care for the structure of the towers of Hanoi. On a superficial level it may appear to be sensible to set up a type of mid-way sub objective, yet it is difficult to work out a progression of moves that would confine one liter of water. It is likewise hard in light of the fact that is it puts a heap on working memory. It is valid as contended by Polson that the limit of working memory restricts the measure of arranging that can be practiced. In view of the considerable number of contemplations in working memory human memory and absence of complete issue understanding, Polson contends that a solver works out an answer for such issues with extra special care. The procedure utilized for assessing and choosing moves depends on implies closes examination and memory forms. A significant disadvantage with this kind of study is that a scientist can never be certain whether they are estimating the impact of the music or the simply the insight of the member (regardless of whether the music had any effect). The best way to be sure was to utilize a gathering of members that was known to be of comparable insight and to make the plan inside. It was likewise essential that any conceivable exchange impacts are disposed of. Various issues can be appeared to have the equivalent basic structure yet unique main stories. Reed, Ernst and Banerji (1974) looked to find whether ability obtained in performing one errand could be moved to a similar to task. It has been demonstrated that involvement in an issue can encourage further endeavors at taking care of a similar issue again insofar as they are in specific situations for ana

Company Analysis ( MGM Resorts) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organization Analysis ( MGM Resorts) - Essay Example There is a critical reliance on the capacity of the standard retreats to create the working income to reimburse the store capital uses, money related obligations and the arrangement for the overabundance income for future financial development and improvement. In the MGM resorts, there have been huge interests in standard methodology for including amusement, new cafés, nightlife advancements, just as other new qualities and offices. Also, there has been a normal capital venture to keep up the standard characteristics of the lodgings and the metro spaces. The age of incomes by the standard local retreats of MGM in the year 2012 progressed than the earlier year and the year 2010 and there is a desire that the proficient and successful pattern will proceed into the coming a very long time notwithstanding the steady monetary decreases. The appearance to the Las Vegas rose fundamentally up to 2 percent in the year 2012, and the room stock has been ideal with insufficient new rooms flexibly arranged in the ongoing years. . In spite of the consistent concerns, concerning the financial shakiness in the province of China, and the achievement of the most recent smoking confinements in Macau there is a desire that the Macau advertise stage should keep on extending or rather develop. In the year 2012, the speed of development declined a smidgen however the gambling club income for the Macau advertise still brought more than 14 percent up in the year 2011. It shows that throughout the long stretches of the improvement of the MGM resort it has been reliably making benefits regardless of the difficult states of the present market. It is because of the ability of the top administration that endeavors to keep up an upper hand. The upper hand is consistent at the MGM resort because of the realities that it really thinks about the government assistance of its clients (Vogel, 2001). The majority of the clients at the MGM resort incline toward an incentive to the cost

How Smoking Ages Skin and Causes Premature Wrinkles

How Smoking Ages Skin and Causes Premature Wrinkles Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases Print How Smoking Causes Early Aging and Premature Wrinkles By Sharon Basaraba twitter Sharon Basaraba is an award-winning reporter and senior scientific communications advisor for Alberta Health Services in Alberta, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Sharon Basaraba Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Armeen Poor, MD on January 27, 2020 Armeen Poor, MD, is a board-certified pulmonologist and intensivist. He specializes in pulmonary health, critical care, and sleep medicine. Learn about our Medical Review Board Armeen Poor, MD Updated on February 19, 2020 Gilbert Laurie / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery If you’re a heavy smoker, you may have noticed signs, such as premature wrinkles, that your skin is aging more dramatically than your peers who dont smoke. Researchers have documented the aging effects of smoking on skin and have even coined the phrase smokers face. So, why does this happen? Smoking and Your Body Tobacco’s effects on your heart, lungs,  and overall life span are well-known. Smoking has been described by the World Health Organization as the single greatest preventable cause of disease, disability, and death globally. In fact, long-term smokers are robbed of as much as a decade of life, according to large-scale studies on women and men. Tobacco smoke contains more than 3,800 different chemical components, many of which can damage tissues directly or interfere with chemical processes necessary to keep those tissues healthy. The same chemicals can cause wrinkles and other premature aging of your skin. Smoking and Your Skin Premature wrinkling was first documented in smokers in the early 1970s, in the Annals of Internal Medicine.?? In a study of more than 1,100 subjects, University of California researcher Harry W. Daniell noted that the severity of wrinklingâ€"after accounting for factors like age and sun exposureâ€"was most apparent in smokers of both sexes beginning around the age of 30. Smokers between the ages of 40 and 49, reported Daniell, were as likely to be “prominently” wrinkled as non-smokers who were 20 years older. Later research published in the American Journal of Public Health found that women smokers were more likely than male smokers to be moderately or severely wrinkled  when compared with non-smokers of the same age.?? Tobacco’s Effects Thanks to an estimated 4,000 or so chemical constituents, tobacco damages skin in a variety of ways, affecting its elasticity, texture, color and even its chemical makeup. These injuries leave skin more vulnerable to cancer such as squamous cell carcinoma  as well as noncancerous psoriasis. Whats more, smoking has been shown to impede wound healing and even worsen skin conditions like eczema. People exposed to second-hand smoke also face a greater risk of these skin problems. Smokers also often have yellowish or grayish skin, which is referred to as “smoker’s melanosis.” According to a 2009 study published in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings, smoking likely accelerates the rate of skin aging by producing more of an enzyme called matrix metalloproteinase (MMP).?? In healthy skin, this enzyme breaks down collagen fibers, so new collagen can be formed. The researchers, from Nagoya City University Medical School, discovered that skin cells exposed to tobacco smoke extract produce much more of the destructive enzyme. In addition, skin cells treated with the extract generated 40 percent less fresh collagen. Collagen has been called the scaffolding that supports the outer layer of skin. When it’s destroyed or reduced, wrinkles result. It’s hypothesized that damage to small blood vessels near the surface of the skin might contribute to color changes in the faces of people who smoke. Future Faces and Anti-Smoking Campaigns Some scientists and public health advocates believe that warnings about tobacco’s effects on the skin would be more effective than statistics on smoking, cancer and heart disease. This approach has been tried by some North American school boards, and a 2011 study suggests they’re on the right track. Published in the British Journal of Health Psychology, the research found that when young women were shown photos of what they’d look like after years of smoking, the subjects were shocked at the aging effects of their habitâ€"and said they would quit.?? The study used so-called “age-progression” software developed in conjunction with the Ontario Science Centre. Called “Aprilage,” the program uses visual aging data compiled from thousands of faces to alter a photographâ€"adding the effects of a long-term smoking habit or of photoaging caused by years of ultraviolet exposure to the sun.

Correlation Between Gang And Gang Delinquency - 1859 Words

When potential gang members become exposed to certain life situations they have a higher risk of joining a gang. When someone joins a gang they become susceptible to partaking in actions that they would not normally do. This paper will give some idea of what a gang is and describe some factors that can motivate a person to get involved with a gang. It will also explain the problem associated with an increase of gang member activity that result of a higher gang homicide. The data will show that the estimated number of gangs was at a high, then that number trended downward. Finally the number has risen to the present and has steadily plateaued at the high. In this report I will explain the relative correlation of the high in gang activity to†¦show more content†¦Meaning that when someone is going through hard times and their home life is in pieces they look for someone else that cares, whether that person is good or bad. In a gang everyone is close and everyone cares about eac h other. When these potential gang members come into a gang they look up to the other members in the gang and will end up doing anything that another member would ask them to do. Including killing, theft, dealings narcotics, anything as long as it will make them fit in and feel loved. Part of the problem is that in the large major cities youngsters who are suffering from boredom, despair, and poverty can easily be enticed into the idea of being part of a gang. With these ideas of involvement, it is increasing the gang membership in larger cities. Studies have shown an increase in gang involvement since 2003 but now is stabilizing. This is a growing problem because if we do not increase activities such as prevention groups or getting the police involved in community programs in cities encouraging youth participation it could begin to rise again over a few more years. Police need to not be just a figure in a uniform, but get involved and let youth and adults know that the figure in the uniform is a person who cares about them and the community. What is a gang and what do they do? There are many definitions for what a gang is. According to The National Gang Center website, one

The Kennedy And Lyndon B Johnson - 775 Words

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Whereas Dallek concludes that Kennedy was a man of ‘small successes and big failures’, Johnson was an exponent of ‘great achievement and painful failure, of lasting gains and unforgettable losses’. According to John Kentleton his domestic ‘Great Society’ left ‘something of Lincoln’s greatness within his grasp’ but believes that ‘Johnson’s presidency ended in failure’; a conclusion drawn from the military conflict in Vietnam and endless logistical problems with his domestic programs. This essay will argue that despiteShow MoreRelatedLyndon B Johnson and the Kennedy Doctrine1029 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Lyndon B. Johnson, the 36th president of the United States, took the executive office during a crucial time period in U.S. History. The former vice-president was taking over for President Kennedy, who had recently been assassinated. 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Mgmt 1 Free Essays

Project Charter Template GenRays HRIS System Project Charter GenRays 3/1/2012 Table of Contents Project Title Purpose Description Objective Success Criteria or Expected Benefits Funding Major Deliverables Acceptance Criteria Milestone Schedule Approval Requirements Project Manager Authorized by Project Title GenRays HRIS System Purpose Based upon stakeholder interviews the purpose for the HRIS system is to improve productivity, improve communication with potential employees, improve recruitment of qualified candidates, improve payroll efficiency processes, and improve overall Human Resource processes. Description The HRIS project will provide a significant boost to the overall human resources and payroll processes. By providing an automated online system for applications, potential candidates for positions may easily monitor the application process. We will write a custom essay sample on Mgmt 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition to this benefit, the updated employee database could be used to automatically fill out electronic forms and allow integration of multiple enhancements such as a leave system, employee training management, data reporting capabilities and employee monitored career paths. Objective We will work with the Information Technology, Human Resources, and Payroll departments to determine the best product that meets the needs of all units involved. By reviewing the available solutions and determining the overall expectations of the company as a whole, we may select a solution that provides for the expectations of those units. After the selection process we will work with the same units to configure the HRIS solution specifically for GenRays and the track the outcomes of the implementation. Success Criteria or Expected Benefits Implementation of the HRIS System will address the following expectations:  ·Provide a career track for existing employees  ·Increase payroll process efficiency and productivity  ·Provide an online application solution with tracking capability  ·Provide more transparency in hiring  ·Provide enhanced review of job applicant credentials  ·Process payroll automatically  ·Process expense reports automatically  ·Enhance recruiting capabilities  ·Improve productivity in relation to electronic forms  ·Reduction of data entry error for payroll Provide a standard performance review system while reducing paperwork  ·Integrate performance reviews with a standard compensation schedule  ·Provide a standard position control system  ·Integrate performance reviews with training to evaluate training outcomes  ·Provide a leave management system  ·Provide an enhanced employee communication system  ·Reduce overall number of database systems managed Funding The funding for the HRIS project should be address by the VP of Finance. Generally, because the project supports that area most directly, the project ost should be assumed by that unit. It is possible that the CEO may be willing to fully fund the project due to his interest level. It is also possible that the project may be jointly funded with several units providing funding for their area of interest. For example, the HR unit may elect to absorb the cost of the HRIS system software license and associated internal personnel required for the project. Moreover, the IT unit may absorb the cost of the database migration and any human capital associated with the migration. Major Deliverables  ·Selection of HRIS Software Development of forecasted and estimated budget  ·Implementation of HRIS Software into test environment  ·Implementation of career tracking configuration  ·Implementation of payroll automation  ·Implementation of online applications  ·Implementation of performance review syst em  ·Implementation of employee communication system  ·Implementation of data analysis and reporting capabilities  ·Implementation of HRIS Software in production environment  ·Migration of existing data into database Acceptance Criteria  ·Selection of HRIS Software oReview of proposals and features of software. Selection by project stakeholders including CEO, VP Finance, VP Marketing, IT Director, HR Director, VP Manufacturing and Plant Managers.  ·Development of forecasted and estimated budget oReview of proposals, human capital and budget allotments for procurement. Involving project stakeholders including CEO, VP Finance, VP Marketing, IT Director, HR Director, VP Manufacturing and Plant Managers.  ·Implementation of HRIS Software into test environment oImplementation of Software by solution provider and IT unit.  ·Implementation of career tracking configuration Configuration, training and testing by HR and IT.  ·Implementation of payroll automation oConfiguration, training and testing by Accounting (payroll) and IT.  ·Implementation of online applications oConfiguration, training and testing by HR, Marketing and IT.  ·Implementation of performance review system oConfiguration, training and testing by HR and IT.  ·Implementation of employee communication system oConfigurati on, training and testing by HR and IT.  ·Implementation of data analysis and reporting capabilities oConfiguration, training and testing by HR and IT. Implementation of HRIS Software in production environment o Implementation of Software by solution provider and IT unit.  ·Migration of existing data into database oImplementation of Software by solution provider and IT unit. Milestone Schedule  ·Selection of HRIS Software oReview of proposals and features of software. Selection by project stakeholders including CEO, VP Finance, VP Marketing, IT Director, HR Director, VP Manufacturing and Plant Managers.  ·Development of forecasted and estimated budget oReview of proposals, human capital and budget allotments for procurement. Involving project stakeholders including CEO, VP Finance, VP Marketing, IT Director, HR Director, VP Manufacturing and Plant Managers. Milestone 1 (Selection and Budgeting – February 1, 2013) – Approvals by CEO, VP Finance, VP Marketing, IT Director, HR Director, VP Manufacturing and Plant Managers for HRIS selection and budget. From this point procurement of the HRIS solution and management of procurement begins.  ·Implementation of HRIS Software into test environment oImplementation of Software by solution provider and IT unit.  ·Implementation of career tracking configuration Configuration, training and testing by HR and IT.  ·Implementation of payroll automation oConfiguration, training and testing by Accounting (payroll) and IT.  ·Implementation of online applications oConfiguration, training and testing by HR, Marketing and IT.  ·Implementation of performance review system oConfiguration, training and testing by HR and IT.  ·Implementation of employee communication system oConfiguration, training and testing by HR and IT.  ·Implementation of data analysis and reporting capabilities oConfiguration, training and testing by HR and IT. Milestone 2 – (Configuration and Testing – August 15, 2013) – Approval to move into the production environment after confirming configuration and expectations to be completed by CEO, VP Finance, VP Marketing, IT Director, HR Director, VP Manufacturing and Plant Managers.  ·Implementation of HRIS Software in production environment o Implementation of Software by solution provider and IT unit.  ·Migration of existing data into database oImplementation of Software by solution provider and IT unit. Milestone 3 (Training – October 1, 2013) – Delivery of training to all employees utilizing the system. Milestone 34(Go Live – October 15, 2013) – Approval by IT unit that all features function correctly and are certified for quality. Approval Requirements Overall the assigned portions of the project need to be approved by the individual units as identified in the acceptance criteria section. Because individuals from the stakeholder areas are responsible for assisting in the configuration and training portions of the project these areas will require approvals as they are completed. In addition, the overall project will require sign-off from all stakeholders in order to verify that expectations are met and we may implement into a production environment. In relation to change, a change management process will be put in place with direct approval coming from the Project Manager. The project manager will work to ensure that the expectations are reasonable, adhere to the scope, and are a technical feature of the selected HRIS solution. Once the project reaches the closing phase a final approval is required from the President and CEO indicating project completion. Project Manager Dara S. Fann Authorized by Date: How to cite Mgmt 1, Essay examples

Cultural Affects And Acceptance Of Power In Change Programs - samples

Question: Discuss about the Cultural Affects And Acceptance Of Power In Change Programs. Answer: Change in the organization can be adapted so that it can be done on a regular basis. This helps the organization to remain competitive but still this process does not seem to have taken much into action in most organizations. The studies reveal that one third of the organizations are at a successful place because of the organizational changes done by the leaders(Pieterse, Caniels and Homan 2012). Organizational change is all about reviewing the structure of management and processes in the business. The businesses which are small always have to adapt the changes for their survival in the market where bigger organizations exist. Just because of staying ahead in the market, organizations are always looking for things they can do efficiently in terms of cost and resources. Change should not be taken as a fear in the organizations. Instead it should be taken positively. The power perspectives always emphasizes on the ideologies and the culture which makes the people follow existing order, without any force and dispute. The power of being social requires the certain discourse to become accepted naturally by creating values and practices involved. This type of view communicates the manipulative power(Brown 2012). This essay explores the argument on the cultural affects and acceptance of power in change programs in the organization. They are explored by comparatively applying the power related elements of Hofstedes cultural dimensions to Singapore and Australia. There are several types of power which are used in change management. They are as follows: Legitimate Power: This power refers to authority for a formal position and it develops from the concept of rights of ownership. A huge number of leaders do believe that their power increases when they get promoted to the higher ranks without having personal power or position and their power can also become diluted. Expert Power: Power of the expert never relies on the positions that are formal as the power originates from the people who have technical information or skills and expertise as compared to others. These skilled professionals are promoted to the managerial positions as they perform outstandingly in the functions they are skilled in. The leaders can become what they aspire to be only when they know how to exercise power on their subordinates and peers(Patrick 2012). They will otherwise be good at what they do but will never gain the respect that they need. Coercive Power: This power is present everywhere in organizations. It is known to be a negative form of the power of all. This only aims to influence others by developing fear in them(Mundaute 2003). It never encourages the desired performance but also discourages undesirable actions. Reward Power: This power always gives out results from the workers as they want to earn the rewards. Anything that a worker values can be considered being as rewards. Such as praise, compensation or the most important is promotion. This can also be used as the punishment when the worker has given poor performance by holding up the reward they were about to get. Referent Power: This type of power is gained by relation in between power exercising person and an icon who yields power. People with referent power can also use the power for coercion. For humans, the greatest fear they possess is being social excluded. A social leader just by using a derogatory word can shun anyone out from the community. As it is known that power differs in meaning with different people, it may have both dimensions, be it positive or negative. Power is definitely useful for social change (Cacciattolo 2015). It is on the groups to qualify as to how use of power is understood. Let us see the positive and negative aspects of every power in detail. Referent Power Negative Aspects: If this leadership is made applicable then the leader should have friendly relations with the employees. In case if that is not the case then this type of power will not be helpful in any case. Positive Aspect: If the leader is well equipped with this type of power, he will be followed by lots of loyal followers because the followers will respect him. Coercive Power: Negative Aspects: Very few people can actually follow it. It cannot be tolerable with everybody as it might lead to labor turnover. Also, the subordinates will also feel suffocated in terms of sharing the ideas. Hence, there will be less communication and no source of motivation will exist. As a result, employee might feel unappreciated. Positive Aspect: A few people can easily be motivated to work harder in such conditions. In case if employees respond in the positive way, they will surely provide positive output. In this power, employees can be motivated for acquiring high outcomes. Legitimate Power: Negative Aspects: Leaders can misuse their power in this type of power. The results are not always effective and flexible in organizations. Employees are given power because of the role they play and not because they have skills or talent. Positive Aspect: It enables a higher organization hierarchy. It often increases leaders effectiveness so that they can become strong role models. This type of strong sense of trust might bring good productivity in the organization. Reward Power: Negative Aspects: If the rewards are kept rather than given, it might lose respect in the eyes of the employee. People might consider the perks as reward or not. It depends on person to person and his needs. Positive Aspects: It always promotes good behavior and increases the sales. Also promotes faithfulness for the business. Expert Power: Negative Aspects: This kind of power can make leaders too bossy and overconfident. In this case of power, if the knowledge of the person is shared then his power will be lost with passing time. Also, if the person does not share the knowledge then organizations effectiveness is at stake. Positive Aspects: The staff is obedient. They accept instructions from the leaders. It also offers a few elements for knowledge and skills (Justice 2014). Hofstede in the year 1991 defined culture are the feelings and actions of humans. He believed that the soul of human software is actually the culture. Computer imaginary is used by him to define culture role in the human life. The software role is determined to operate the computer by defining its work. He wanted to focus on the significance of culture by advicing that culture is like software of mind. It drives the humans. Without it the meaning of humans is nothing. Culture will always include visible and invisible behaviors that shape the humans. The model which Hofstede proposed was the national culture which is widely referred by a few researchers in management. Its framework is reliable when national culture samples are concerned (Hofstede 2011). The dimensions of Hofstedes culture consist of: Power distance Index: This reflects an extent of the groups of people who are weak in culture for accepting inequality in allocation of power as normal incident. Though, injustice is that clich thing which is found at every country in every situation but the acceptance level of reality is very different in cultures. However, it would be easy to find existing inequality in some situations which might give color to life. Individual-collective Dimension: This dimension reflects extent to when individuals put their own interests first as compared to the interests of the family or society. Hence, it reflects where people try and remain individuals rather then become a part of the group. Uncertain Avoidance Dimension: It reflects extent to when uncertain situation which are not predictable, creates fear in the people about the culture. Masculine and Feminine Dimensions: The dominant value is always the masculinity of the society which emphasizes affirmativeness and earns good money and material goods. Femininity is used for referring the extent when dominant values of society focus on the relation between humans. Long terms orientation Dimension: This one refers to extent of the cultures realistic perspective for long term and short term orientation. Cultures of long term usually have the value of resilience, prioritizing, prudence and perseverance kind of efforts for building the share in the market instead of pursuing short term profits (Rinuastuti, et al. 2014). Power Dimension: Hofstede stated that dimensional measures to the extent of members of organizations with less power are always distributed unequally. The supervisor is correct because he is superior can be considered as high power and employees working in a particular way because the supervisor is asking them to do so can be considered as low power(George, et al. 2012). When on the collective level, the society has the same concern about the power and also if they accept that a few people must have more power as compared to others, every community has a different level of acceptance which ranges from high to low degree acceptance. That means that power is not different but people are different in terms of levels. Critically it can be noted that power distance as value does not necessarily mean power but it is actually how people look at it. Example: Two people perform the same job and the same job. Within principle, the power gap between boss and the employee is same, though; the wo rkers will look at it the different way. Hence, the gap can be very much different. The first worker may have respect for his boss seeing the power that he possesses while the other can question the boss and challenge his power by asking for the explanation (Mooij and Hofstede 2010). The Hofstede power distance studies have shown that Singapore is characterized by the power distance which is very high. High power distance means Singapore people has a gap between them and the individuals who have higher status or great power. Result of this is that they are more reserved in sharing their opinions. On the other hand, Australia has low power distance. There, individuals feel that they are equal. Every one share their ideas and are comfortable with each other. Singapore consists of low UAI. In such cases, there is high acceptance tolerance for deviations. Hence, emotions generally suppress by social pressure and it rarely leads to aggression. Australia has moderate UAI. Such countries are usually threatened by the uncertainties of life. In countries like these there is greater show of emotions (Tung and Quaddus 2002). Singapore is a collective society which has low IDV score. They have great confidence in making decisions in a group. Australia on the other hand, needs to maintain peace within groups which may be a factor of lower levels of conflicts. Australia and Singapore are both the type of countries which are considered moderate in levels of masculinity. Though, the cultural difference between them might be contrasting by depicting Australia to be moderate in masculinity and Singapore in Femininity (Ghosh 2011). The use of power does not seem to be efficient in Singapore as people do not share their opinion. IN case of organizational change, Singapore should not use the power leadership as people will be able to give the new ideas and since, Asia is the growing market. It would be very helpful. While for Australia, use of power is efficient as people are more liberated there and do share good ideas and new innovations with the society. As a result, it is one of the developed countries in the world. In Australia, 30% is the long term orientation and this 30% is below the half level which is 44% if it is compared with rest of the world. It shows that long term orientation is at a lower level if Australia is talked about. It can also mean that Australia always inclines towards short term. Singapore is very normal in the long and short term orientation index, its products can also be the short term and long term purposes both. From the viewpoint of marketing, products which are marketed to the masculine culture should be the status products which will refer to the achievement and recognition(Leo, Bennett and Cierpicki 2005). Australia is low power distance country where as other Asian countries like Singapore and Hong Kong etc are considered to be high power distance of the spectrum. This essay discusses that leadership is connection between sustainability and development. It provides new views on the behavior and competency of the leaders. With globalization increasing, the influence of cultures is inevitable(Bergiel, Bergiel and Upson 2012). Hofstedes cultural dimensions clearly states about the individual and society cultural differences. In the recent studies, paying attention to the cultural values has become the importance for the business purpose and the behavior. Typical cultural values can lead to ignore difference in individuals in culture values. Finally, the conclusion of the research is based on the differences and the similarities in the value orientation and in decision making style which cannot be ignored as they might influence business and polity economic integration (Abdallah, Denis and Langley 2011). References Abdallah, Chahrazad , Jean Louis Denis, and Ann Langley. "Having your cake and eating it too Discourses of transcendence and their role in organizational change dynamics." Journal of Organizational Change Management 24, no. 3 (2011): 333-348. Bergiel, Erich B. , Blaise J. Bergiel , and John W. Upson. "Revisiting Hofstedes Dimensions: Examining the Cultural Convergence of the United States and Japan." American Journal of Management 12, no. 1 (2012). Brown, Barrett C. "Leading complex change with post-conventional consciousness." Journal of Organizational Change Management 25, no. 4 (2012): 560-575. Cacciattolo, Karen. "ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS: THE POSITIVE NEGATIVE SIDES." European Scientific Journal 11, no. 1 (2015). George, Reece, Keith Nesbitt, Michael Donovan, and John Maynard. "Evaluating Indigenous Design Features Using Cultural Dimensions." Proceedings of the Thirteenth Australasian User Interface Conferenc 126 (2012). Ghosh, Apoorva. "Power Distance in Organizational Contexts- A Review of Collectivist Cultures." The Indian Journal of Industrial Relations 47, no. 1 (2011). Goncalves, Marcus. "Leadership Styles: The Power to Influence Others." International Journal of Business and Social Science 4, no. 4 (2013). Hofstede, Geert. "Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context." Online Readings inPsychology and Culture 2, no. 1 (2011). Justice, Holly. Leadership Sources of Power. 2014. https://www.slideshare.net/HJustice/leadership-sources-of-power-31593945?next_slideshow=1 (accessed February 27, 2018). Leo, Cheryl, Rebekah Bennett, and Steven Cierpicki. "A comparison of Australian and Singaporean consumer decision-making styles." Journal of Customer Behavior 4, no. 1 (2005): 17-45. Mooij, Marieke de, and Geert Hofstede. "The Hofstede model." International Journal of Advertising 29, no. 1 (2010): 85-110. Mundaute, Lourdes. "Power Dynamics and Organizational Change: An Introduction." Applied Psychology: An International Review 52, no. 1 (2003): 1-13. Patrick, Harold Andrew. "Influence of Power Bases on Leadership Strategies Adopted by Managers in Information Technology Organizations." European Journal of Business and Management 4, no. 11 (2012). Pieterse, Jos H., Marjolein C.J Caniels, and Thijs Homan. "Journal of Organizational Change Management." Journal of Organizational Change Management 25, no. 6 (2012): 798-818. Raven, Bertram, and John R.P. French. "The Bases of Power and the Power/Interaction Model of Interpersonal Influence." Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 8, no. 1 (2008): 1-22. Rinuastuti, Handayani, Djumilah Hadiwidjojo, Fatchur Rohman, and Nur Khusniyah. "Measuring Hofstede?s Five Cultural Dimensions at Individual Level and Its Application to Researchers in Tourists? Behaviors." International Business Research 7, no. 12 (2014). Tung, Lai Lai , and M. A. Quaddus. "Cultural differences explaining the differences in results in GSS: implications for the next decade." Decision Support Systems 33 (2002): 177-199.

Gulivers Travels Essays - Gullivers Travels, Houyhnhnm,

Gulivers Travels Gulliver's Travels Author Info Swift was dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin when his novel came out. Since in this book he wrote about and often harpooned-prominent political figures, he published the book anonymously. While most readers were trying like mad to find out who the author was. Swift's close friends had fun keeping the secret. Londonwas stunned with thoughts about the author's identity, as well as those of some of his characters. Swift's dying years were a torment. He suffered awful bouts of dizziness, nausea, deafness, and mental incapacity. In fact, Swift's harshest critics tried to discredit the Travels on the grounds that the author was mad when he wrote it. But he wasn't. The Travels were published in 1726- and Part IV, which raised the most controversy, was written before Part III- and Swift didn't enter a mental institution until 1742. He died in 1745. The Plot Gulliver's Travels is the story about Lemuel Gulliver as he travels to the strange lands of Lilliput, Brobdingnag, the kingdom of Laputa, and the land of the Houyhnhnms. In Lilliput people are six inches high, and Gulliver, in comparison, is a giant, or a Man-Mountain, as the little people call him. Gulliver becomes involved with the domestic problems of the Lilliputian government. The government made to deal with Gulliver. The document outlines the terms of his freedom. One of these terms is that Gulliver must help the Lilliputians in their war against Blefuscu . Gulliver steels the enemy's fleet and takes it across the harbor back to Lilliput. For a short time he's a hero. But Gulliver intervenes in the peace talks, and gets a more profitable treaty for the Blefuscudians than they would have had gotten. After that it's downhill for Gulliver. When he pee's onto a fire at the palace and there by saves the royal chambers, he is put on trial for disobeying a law prohibiting public urination. This and some other charges against Gulliver result in a conviction of high treason, punishable by blinding. Gulliver doesn't feel like having that done so he escapes to Blefuscu. Part II, which takes place in the land of Brobdingnag. This time Gulliver is extremely small compared to the giant Brobdingnagians. After a short time as a working freak. Gulliver is rescued by the king and queen and lives a life of comfort. He spends much of his time learning the language and talking with the king about life in England. The king turns out to be as a fair, merciful ruler and a very sympathetic and humane man. Gulliver, in comparison seems petty, vindictive, and cruel like the Lilliputians. One day while on an walk with the king and queen, Gulliver's box/house is kidnapped by a bird with him inside and dropped in the sea, and is then recovered by an English ship. Gulliver stays in England a while with his family then goes back to sea. In Part III, where Gulliver goes to the flying island of Laputa and some of its colonies nearby. His first stop is Laputa, where the people have one eye turned inward and one eye turned up to the sky. They're thinking always of their own thoughts (inward) and of other issues like mathematics, astronomy and music (upward). They're so focused they need flappers to hit them self's on the ear to let them know someone is talking to them. The Laputans are so distracted from everyday life that they're barely aware of their wives. Because the Laputans are bossy rulers of their colonies, and because they pay little attention to Gulliver, he gets sick of them and goes on to the island of Balnibarbi. There Gulliver becomes friendly with Count Munodi, who is the only one on the island who lives in a nice well-built house and whose lands yield crops. The other people engaged in scientific research and do everything according to the most sophisticated way possible. Therefore their houses are in ruins and their land are the same way. Gulliver visits the Academy of the Projectors to learn more about them, and witnesses a series of totally useless, wasteful experiments. In Luggnagg Gulliver meets the Struldbrugs, a race of people who are immortal.

The Seven Voyages of the Ming Chinese Treasure Fleet

The Seven Voyages of the Ming Chinese Treasure Fleet Over a period of almost three decades in the early 15th century, Ming China sent out a fleet the likes of which the world had never seen. These enormous treasure junks were commanded by the great admiral, Zheng He. Together, Zheng He and his armada made seven epic voyages from the port at Nanjing to India, Arabia, and even East Africa. The First Voyage In 1403, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a huge fleet of ships capable of travel around the Indian Ocean. He put his trusted retainer, the Muslim eunuch Zheng He, in charge of construction. On July 11, 1405, after an offering of prayers to the protective goddess of sailors, Tianfei, the fleet set out for India with the newly-named admiral Zheng He in command. The Treasure Fleets first international port of call was Vijaya, the capital of Champa, near modern-day Qui Nhon, Vietnam. From there, they went to the island of Java in what is now Indonesia, carefully avoiding the fleet of pirate Chen Zuyi. The fleet made further stops at Malacca, Semudera (Sumatra), and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Zheng He beat a hasty retreat when he realized that the local ruler was hostile. The Treasure Fleet next went to Calcutta (Calicut) on the west coast of India. Calcutta was one of the worlds major trade depots at the time, and the Chinese likely spent some time exchanging gifts with the local rulers. On the way back to China, laden with tribute and envoys, the Treasure Fleet confronted the pirate Chen Zuyi at Palembang, Indonesia. Chen Zuyi pretended to surrender to Zheng He, but turned upon the Treasure Fleet and tried to plunder it. Zheng Hes forces attacked, killing more than 5,000 pirates, sinking ten of their ships and capturing seven more. Chen Zuyi and two of his top associates were captured and taken back to China. They were beheaded on October 2, 1407. On their return to Ming China, Zheng He and his entire force of officers and sailors received monetary rewards from the Yongle Emperor. The emperor was very pleased with the tribute brought by the foreign emissaries, and with Chinas increased prestige in the eastern Indian Ocean basin. The Second and Third Voyages After presenting their tribute and receiving gifts from the Chinese emperor, the foreign envoys needed to go back to their homes. Therefore, later in 1407, the great fleet set sail once again, going as far as Ceylon with stops in Champa, Java, and Siam (now Thailand). Zheng Hes armada returned in 1409 with holds full of fresh tribute  and again turned right back for another two-year voyage (1409-1411). This third voyage, like the first, terminated at Calicut. Zheng Hes Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Voyages After a two-year respite on-shore, in 1413 the Treasure Fleet set out on its most ambitious expedition to date. Zheng, He led his armada all the way to the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa, making port calls at Hormuz, Aden, Muscat, Mogadishu, and Malindi. He returned to China with exotic goods and creatures, famously including giraffes, which were interpreted as the mythical Chinese creature the qilin, a very auspicious sign indeed. On the fifth and sixth voyages, the Treasure Fleet followed much the same track to Arabia and East Africa, asserting Chinese prestige and collecting tribute from as many as thirty different states and principalities. The fifth voyage spanned 1416 to 1419, while the sixth took place in 1421 and 1422. In 1424, Zheng Hes friend and sponsor, the Yongle Emperor, died while on a military campaign against the Mongols. His successor, the Hongxi Emperor, ordered an end to the expensive ocean-going voyages. However, the new emperor lived for just nine months after his coronation  and was succeeded by his more adventurous son, the Xuande Emperor. Under his leadership, the Treasure Fleet would make one last great voyage. The Seventh Voyage On June 29, 1429, the Xuande Emperor ordered preparations for a final voyage of the Treasure Fleet. He appointed Zheng He to command the fleet, even though the great eunuch admiral was 59 years old and in poor health. This last great voyage took three years  and visited at least 17 different ports between Champa and Kenya. On the way back to China, likely in what are now Indonesian waters, Admiral Zheng He died. He was buried at sea, and his men brought a braid of his hair and a pair of his shoes back to be buried in Nanjing. Legacy of the Treasure Fleet Faced with the Mongol threat on their northwest border, and the huge financial drain of the expeditions, Ming scholar-officials deplored the extravagant voyages of the Treasure Fleet. Later emperors and scholars sought to erase the memory of these great expeditions from Chinese history. However, Chinese monuments and artifacts scattered all around the rim of the Indian Ocean, as far as the Kenyan coast, provide solid evidence of Zheng Hes passage. In addition, Chinese records of several of the voyages remain, in the writings of such shipmates as Ma Huan, Gong Zhen, and Fei Xin. Thanks to these traces, historians and the public at large can still ponder the amazing tales of these adventures that took place 600 years ago.

Should marijuana be legalized or kept illegal Assignment

Should marijuana be legalized or kept illegal - Assignment Example (Mark J. Pletcher, 2012). Investigators at The Zucker Hillside Hospital in Long Island, NY compared the performance of 50 bipolar subjects with a history of cannabis use versus 150 bipolar patients with no history of use. According to clinical data published online, the bipolar patients with a history of cannabis use demonstrate superior neurocogitive performance compared to patients with no history of use. (Raphael J. Braga, 2012). Use of marijuana for medicinal purposes remains controversial, and we do not advocate its widespread use. However, that in certain circumstances, specifically when patients are using marijuana to relieve nausea, marijuana is not associated with lower rates of adherence (de Jong, 2005). Cannabis users had better cognitive functioning than patients without cannabis use in several domains including design memory, verbal fluency, object assembly, block design, picture completion, picture arrangement, and face recognition memory (John Stirling, 2004) The majority of patients with multiple sclerosis develop troublesome lower urinary tract symptoms. The conclusions after researches: there were few troublesome side effects, suggesting that cannabis-based medicinal extracts are a safe and effective treatment for urinary and other problems in patients with advanced (Ciaran M. Brady, 2004). Pain, sleep and mood were most frequently reported as improving with cannabis use, and high and dry mouth were the most commonly reported side effects. We conclude that cannabis use is prevalent among the chronic non-cancer pain population, for a wide range of symptoms, with considerable variability in the amounts used (Mark A. Ware, 2003). Marijuana significantly reduced ratings of queasiness and slightly reduced the incidence of vomiting compared to placebo. These findings support and extend previous results, indicating that smoked marijuana reduces feelings of nausea and also reduces

Back to The Future 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Back to The Future 1 - Essay Example Marty and George in 80s represented a different type of relations in the unhappy family. Relations of Marty and George after his trip to 50s became friendlier and their family turned into a successful one. This research paper is focused on relations between a father and a son. The most interesting thing is that a son changes a life of his father and not a father changes a life of his son, as it usually happens. It is appropriate for Robert Zemeckis to project his relations with his father on his films (Thomson 2002, p. 958). A great director was oppressed by his father, because the latter did not believe in his creative potential. Therefore, a model of relations between Marty and George reflects commonly the relations of Zemeckis and his father. Zemeckis grew up in the suburbs of Chicago and was lacking of art. Robert wanted to take his parents' 8 mm home movie camera and delve in the fascinating world of cinema. His desire to go to a film school was intensified after Robert watched the â€Å"Bonnie and Clyde† film. Cinema was an enchanting world for a young boy, who wanted to change his daily routine into a fairy tale. Characters of the film From the very beginning of the film the audience is intrigued by a character of Doc Brown, who is introduced through the number of newspaper articles about his bankruptcy, which are aired on the radio and discussed in TV news. There are also many other trifles, which introduce Doc Brown’s character. This man is supposedly a scientist or an amateur inventor. It is evident that inventions of the scientists were not appreciated by the society. Plutonium was stolen by Doc Brown in order to power his time machine. So, there is so much about this scientist, but who is he and which role does he play in the film? Actually, a young boy entering the house of Doc Brown is Marty and his father’s name is George. Doc Brown is a prototype of Marty’s father, a kind of an ideal person, to which this boy feels a great affection and is attracted by his interesting life. It is possible to suppose that Robert Zemeckis expressed his desire for art in his childhood and a character of Doc in this film embodies desirable features of his father. Moreover, Doc is inspired with technology and Robert in his childhood was enchanted by television. Marty came to Doc to have a rest from his blue-collar environment, and Robert Zemeckis looked for such place of aesthetic pleasure while watching films. Marty is lacking of attention of his father and wants to find an opportunity to penetrate into the depths of George’s ideas. Doc gives him a chance to get acquainted with the past of his father and mother. When a magnificent time machine starts working, Marty has an opportunity to go back to 1955 to help his father to live a better life and not the one he has. It should be noted that Robert Zemeckis develops not only an interesting plot of relations between Marty and George, but also paints a pathetic p icture of psychological development of Marty. In his juvenile age in 50s he became his father’s rival and wanted to fight for his mother’s heart. There is no even a hint of Oedipus complex, relations between Marty and George happen at different level. Relations between a father and a son are developed as compensating ones: Marty gave an opportunity for his father to overcome his fears in the past and

The Importance Of Health Communication

The Importance Of Health Communication The healthcare systems around the world are making full use of the communication methods to improve quality of healthcare services provided and peoples life. They are utilizing the newly developed information and communication technologies to bring required socio-economic changes in the areas as diverse as health and education system. In this modern era the consequence of media and communication is vastly increasing. According to Mann and Colven, A picture is worth more than a thousand words, it can justify the need of new technologies. This thesis paper tries to figure out the importance of health communication and telemedicine technology for the integral growth of healthcare management in the rural and remote area of India. In some of the rural areas of India the telemedicine technology is implemented successfully and the people in that area are receiving better healthcare services than before. This technology is quite new in the country like India and lot of work has to be done in future to increase the use of this newly developed technology to deliver quality of healthcare service and thus to improve the health status rural and remote population. India is having a huge population and most of the people live in rural areas. Majority of them dont have proper access to education and healthcare services. So there is need of good health communication to improve delivery of healthcare services. By this, necessary knowledge can be imparted to the people that will help them to improve their own health status all the time. Telemedicine might be useful in these areas as it helps to have a successful communication in between the healthcare professionals and patients who are present at different places. This paper points out the actual necessity of telemedicine technology which is one of the tools of having health communication and the opinion of the healthcare professionals as well as the patients regarding its importance. In this interpretive study based thesis, fourteen interviews of healthcare professionals and a survey of twenty patients by using a questionnaire have been conducted to illustrate the importance of health communication (mainly health education) and telemedicine. Introduction In this rapidly developing world, the parameters of health care are also being broadened and the focus is shifted to promotion of wellness prevention of diseases in community as well as home based care rather than only hospital based care. This shift can be facilitated by implementing telemedicine technology which is a method of health care carried out at a distance at even real time (Jones, 1997). Health is a concern of everyone for everyone. Healthy people 2010 define health communication as the art and technique of informing, influencing and motivating individual, institutional and public audiences about important health issues. The terms health communication health education are used synonymously most of the times. In this era the importance of health education is realized increasingly because of which today health education became speciality in itself. The healthcare systems seem to be inefficient without proper health education programmes even though lot of planning is done in implementation of healthcare services. It shows that health communication is not only mere exchange of health information but also much more than that. Health communication is means of facilitating the interaction between healthcare professionals and patients or in between the two or more healthcare professionals irrespective of working together in same or different organizations situated at distance places. Most of the organizations mainly focus on adopting advanced technologies used for diagnostic and surgical procedures to meet expectations of the patients and to improve organizations capacity. But they often forget the importance of communicating with the people in rural and remote areas to provide health education and create health awareness in them which in turn can prevent number of diseases. Telemedicine will help the healthcare professionals working at district and regional hospitals or multispecialty private hospitals to communicate with the people in rural areas who dont have proper access to healthcare services. It will help these professionals to know the problems of rural and remote population. Telemedicine is a broad concept. Here the delivery of health services depends upon application of telecommunication. Sharing or transfer of knowledge in terms of distance education and remote consulting diagnosis within different medical fields can be included in the concept of telemedicine. AIM (1990) defines telemedicine as the investigation, monitoring, management and education of the patients as well as staff which allows ready access to expert advice and patient information irrespective of location of patient or relevant information. Public and private health sectors have to do much by making use of effective telemedicine technology. It can definitely contribute a lot to health sectors by making utilization of available resources more effectively in various telemedical services (Nymo, 1993). An upcoming challenge mainly for the public health services will be to meet the demand of tremendously increasing population especially in the developing countries with the use of available resources (funds, healthcare professionals technology). It is not possible to replace the physician or other healthcare professionals involved in a patient relation by using this technology. But the thing is that it can facilitate in delivering integrated health care service to the patients. Thus telemedicine can play a vital role by providing economical benefits to the healthcare system of respective country. Telemedicine technology can act as a lifeline for most of the people who come under poor economical background mainly from developing country like India where there is inequality in delivery of healthcare services. More than 70% of the population live in rural area. On the other hand these people dont receive quality of healthcare services due to insufficient number of healthcare professionals especially in public healthcare centres and lack of infrastructure. Because of lack of facilities in these areas makes it more difficult to retain speciality healthcare professionals in rural and remote areas. Thats why most of the specialists are situated in district and capital places. The rural people have to spend more time and money as well to get consultation from specialists. Telemedicine will help to reduce the unnecessary wastage of cost and time by bridging rural health centres with the district and multispecialty hospitals situated in big cities (Kuppuswamy Pandian, 2008). All researchers dealing with information technology and healthcare have said that information technologies play a vital role in making a healthcare system more successful. Nowadays in early stage of onset of disease, people in rural and remote area where there is unavailability of specialists in healthcare need not to visit directly to the specialists in cities to get consulted from them. Development of advanced communication technologies like telemedicine will make it possible for these people to get treatment at initial stage without travelling to cities which will reduce further complications related to respective diseases. But development and implementation of any IT system in healthcare is not an easy task. As Collen (1995) have stated, developing a comprehensive medical information system is a more complex task than putting a man on the moon had been. Many organizations have faced problematic situations while implementing telemedicine or any other e-Health systems because of different reasons. Before implementing any change within the organizational set up it is very important to know the views of stakeholders who are going to involved in the process. It needs good planning and management to make the change successful. According to Collins (2000), it is necessary to understand views, experiences and purposes of the providers as well as users of healthcare services to address the issues and resolve the problems before full implementation of telemedicine. Identifying, understanding and describing the key aspects of effective health communication and information system (Telemedicine) as well as making the use of findings as a basis for the success of healthcare management in both private and public sector are the main aims of this research study. In this thesis paper I will discuss the importance of health communication (especially providing needed health education to the under and uneducated people in remote and rural area of India) and use of telemedicine to deliver better healthcare services to the rural population. I will try to understand the thoughts of healthcare professionals and patients regarding this topic. The main purpose behind this is to make further development for the integral growth of healthcare management in rural and remote areas of India. This research is aimed to find out the answers relevant to the following research questions: What do we know about effective health communication and telemedicine? How will it be possible to communicate with the people in rural areas? What are the opinions of healthcare professionals and patients regarding importance of health education and use of telemedicine system? In what ways might telemedicine influence information seeking, communicating and creating health awareness in a rural community of India? According to the above research questions, this thesis will firstly try to discuss the important notions of health communication and telemedicine and secondly interpretation of the findings of interviews of healthcare professionals and feedback of the patients from questionnaire. The overall aim of this research is to know the importance of health communication and telemedicine through qualitative research and make use of that knowledge for the further growth of healthcare management in rural community of India. Objectives of this research study are- To study the role of health communication and telemedicine in rural health care. To know various methods those are used by healthcare professionals to provide health education to the people of rural area. To understand how health communication and telemedicine can play a vital role in changing behaviour of rural population. Review of Literature Health communication: Health communication addresses, how individual and community decisions about knowledge of health and practices are informed and influenced through communication. As stated by Rai (1999), communication is the means through which we practice and influence to bring changes in the views and attitudes of others, motivate them and maintain a healthy relation with them. In other words it is the cycle of exchanging emotions, ideas and opinions in the form of information in between sender and receiver. Health communication links the regions of health and communication and considered as an important component of efforts in improving public and personal health status (Jackson Duffy, 1998). There is specific purpose behind doing any act. Communication is done to make someone think in a particular way, to do something or take action. There are different functions of communication as stated by Andal (1998). Instrumental Function To achieve something. Information Function To find out or explain something. Social Contact Function To make enjoyable environment. Control Function To get someone to behave in a particular way. Expression Function To express the feelings or present oneself in a particular way. Role Related Function Situation requires it. Educational Function To transmit knowledge. Stimulation Function To bring interest. Entertainment Function To provide leisure activity. Cultural Promotion Function To reinforce cultural rites. Effective communication: The main purpose of having communication is the exchange or transfer of information in the form of thoughts and ideas (Ramchandran Dharmalingam, 2001). It is the most important aspect of educational process which aims at change in behaviour or attitude and improves level of knowledge. We can say communication was effective only if the message is correctly interpreted by the receiver and utilized it for improvement of the knowledge. Thus effective communication means not only reaching of information but also enabling the receiver to have change in information or improvement in knowledge. Health communication includes understanding and use of communication strategies to enhance community and individual decisions to improve the current health status. It binds the domains of health and communication to improve the health of the population. Health communication can contribute largely in prevention and promotion of diseases, to improve health provider-patient relations, in movement of public and individual health risk information, formulation of public health messages, in providing education o the population about how to find access to the public healthcare delivery system and total development of telemetric applications as well as attachment of individuals to clinical recommendations (Feng H, 2006). Health communication is the use of communication techniques and technologies to positively influence organizations, individuals and population for the purpose of promoting conditions conducive to human and environmental health. It may include various activities such as physician-patient interactions, self help groups, classes, mailings, mass media events and campaigns (US department of health and human services, 2000). Health communication is the dissemination and interpretation of health related messages (Donohew Ray 1990, Steinberg 2007). Health communication is a hybrid field that derives from communication studies, marketing, journalism and public relations and also overlaps with health education and health promotion (Cline, 2003). As stated by WHO (1946), Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Health encircles the essence of health education by making communities as well as individuals as equal partners in the process of assuring freedom from illness or diseases and achieving the highest level of physical, social and mental health (Gupta Mahajan, 1991). In determining the Physical well being of the individuals, the factors such as where they work, with whom they interact and what kind of work they do should be considered to improve health. A series of operational tasks have to be completed in the process of development of any health communication. At the basic level, these tasks may contain choosing credible sources, selecting a strategy of message and deciding the ideal channels or settings through which the communication is to be delivered (Kreuter Wray, 2003). Each single activity of these provides an opportunity to improve the application of communication to its intended audience. Communication may contain planned or unplanned content which has the ability to convey positive, negative or neutral health messages to the community. Usually specific strategies are followed behind planned messages for its formulation and placement. These are intended to change behaviour, beliefs and attitudes of the people. Thus health communication is an important part of healthcare which is aimed at promoting healthy behaviour. Health education is a type of medium which is used to make people aware of healthy behaviour patterns and its importance. But the success of health communication or health education programs depends upon the interest of the people. It is very important that they should involve actively in it. We cant enforce people to change; we can motivate them to adopt healthy life. It is a notoriously complex and problematic task to change ones health related behaviour (Lawrence, 1999). It is demonstrated through research that clients attachment to their own health status is the important factor in their adoption to a behavioural health change (Callaghan, 1999). Health communication may take place between health care providers and patients or health care providers and people in the community. It may take place directly or indirectly at even real time. Development of information systems is really important to make health communication successful at broader level. People in rural and remote areas dont receive proper healthcare services due to many problems. So it is very important to communicate with them to know the problems they are facing and make the necessary planning and implementation to resolve those. By means of communication technologies like telemedicine it will be possible to have communication between the healthcare professionals at speciality hospitals situated in cities and people of rural and remote areas. This will help to solve many health problems of rural population. Other than this it will make possible for healthcare professionals at public primary health centres or even who doing private practice in rural areas to have communication with specialists in multispecialty hospitals. It will help these professionals in making the decisions, diagnosis and treatment. It will also help these professionals to update their own knowledge. Various channels used for having health communication are as below, Press Health related articles in newspaper are important channels to distribute information. Health magazine If information is presented well in the magazines then these can become valuable mean of communication. Posters These are made colourful to attract the attention of the people and convey the health messages to them. This is the easiest and cheapest way of disseminating information to the people. These are widely used by the healthcare professionals at hospital and community to provide health information to a small group of people. Films These are expensive and difficult to acquire. On the other hand are suitable to audience. Can convey intended health message to a large number of people in less time. Radio An important channel of providing health education. But health talks should not be too long. Television It is quite expensive at the beginning of establishment but after that it becomes the most effective channel as message can be delivered to huge number of people within short time. Health museums Can be effective. Health exhibition If it is well targeted and arranged properly then can attract and arouse large number of people. Telemedicine Difficult to implement but can reach to remote and rural population easily. Internet Easy and cheap way of communication. But less effective in a country with low literacy rate. (Babu S 2004. Review in community medicine; pg 181) Health Education: Health education programs related to behavioural change are considered as a mainstay of healthcare activity. The effect of these programs depends up on the nature of their intention and the way they are delivered (Whitehead Russel, 2004). Health education is a social science that draws from the medical, biological, physical, environmental and psychological sciences to prevent the onset of diseases and promote health through education driven behaviour changing activities. In other words, health education is the development of an individual or group or community health knowledge, skills and behaviour with the help of systemic strategies. Throughout this century health education has been an important element of action in prevention of diseases and promotion of health. Health campaigns to prevent communicable diseases, to promote maternal and child health, to promote immunization, to educate about family planning methods as well as its importance and other preventive health services have long history. Health education directed towards these goals in most of the developing countries remains an essential weapon in prevention of diseases and promotion of health (Nutbeam D, 2000). The main objective behind providing health education is to positively influence health related behaviour of the community and individuals. It also helps to influence living and working conditions that enhance their health. Health education is the process which includes activities like providing information, motivating and helping people to adopt and maintain healthy lifestyles, advocates environmental variations that are required to facilitate this goal and conduct research and professional training (Baride Kulkarni, 1998). Health education is related to changes in feelings, knowledge and behaviour of people. It focuses on developing healthy lifestyles and believed to attend the best possible state of well being (Dharmalingam Ramchandram, 2001). It is the process carried through the active involvement of people targeted at initiation of healthy behaviour and knowing the peoples prejudices and practices that are determent to health for achieving the goal of health. A series of stages and people efforts by themselves are involved in the process of health education. Health education is an activity which may be required for each individual at any time. It is a continuous ongoing process of learning from others. Anyone who knows that what is necessary for the maintenance of good health can provide health education to the others by using proper communication channel and ideas. As health education has to do with health, it is very important to have wide and correct knowledge regarding health and diseases for disseminating or transmitting ideas for the purpose of developing necessary behaviour and attitude. In the process of health education theories and principles of education and learning are applied. Thats why a person who is trained properly for delivering healthcare is better fit to provide health education to the community. It doesnt mean that any person who is from non medical background cannot play a role of health educator but only indicates the importance of possession of correct and complete knowledge related to health, diseases and their application. As the main motto of health education is to change behaviour of the people, health educator must learn and cultivate skills to communicate, educate, involve and motivate them. Health educator should be known to theories of community organization as well as knowledge and principles of social psychology. Different planning models are used for the development of health education interventions. Public health models used in social medicine and epidemiology are slightly different from public health models used in health education. As stated by Kok and et al (1997), interventions of behaviour focused health promotion and health education are usually based on planning models of following type, Health problem Behaviour that is determinant of the problem Psychosocial and environmental determinants of behaviour Development and implementation of the intervention Evaluation Not only epidemiologic analysis but also a behavioural science approach to intervention implementation and psycho-social analysis is needed in this type of planning model. If behaviour is an important factor behind existence of health problem then it is necessary to analyze the determinants of the behaviour. These determinants may be environmental or psycho-social (emotional resistance, risk perception, perceived norms, knowledge etc.). Most of the times the focus is given only on individual behaviour but its important to target social as well as physical environment for health education interventions. Approaches to health education:- According to Tones (1986), there are three approaches to health education as follow, Traditional approach It focuses on individual. Its goal is to convince the individual to adopt needed lifestyle to prevent onset of diseases and hence reduce morbidity and mortality in the population. The reason behind this is; in the Western industrialized society the curative medicine cannot deal effectively with the contemporary burden of disease. And not only high technology is ineffective but also it is iatrogenic and expensive. Health education have major role in secondary as well as tertiary prevention apart from its potential for primary prevention. Another advantage of it is that it offers financial savings to the government by reducing the demands on health service. Philosophical approach According to this approach health education is concerned with freedom of choice and rationality. It states that only provision of information regarding health issues is not sufficient to bring behavioural change. To facilitate decision making is considered as the primary goal of health education irrespective of the nature of decision which might be made ultimately. The principle of voluntarism has been adopted by the Society of Public Health Educators of America in its code of ethics. Thus it can be argued that this model of health education has Official approval. Writers such as Green (1980) have consistently supported fostering informed health choices and protecting free will. This approach has its critics regarding the nature of genuine free choice. It is clear in many ways that freedom of choice can be limited. It is less apparent fact that an individuals capacity for making rational and voluntaristic choices can be reduced by particular kinds of socialization especially which occurs in the context of the culture of poverty. On the other hand, individuals have greater degree of genuine choice whose socialization has provided them with self empowering skills and experiences. In many instances freedom of choice is cut short manifestly by adverse social circumstances. It is therefore will be ineffective and unethical to educate people in such circumstances. Radical approach Nutbeam,d Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century , Health Promotion International, Vol. 15, No. 3, 259-267, September 2000 Steinberg, S (2007). An introduction to communication studies, Juta and co. Publication, Cape town. Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19-22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948.

The Five Main Sets of Value Paradigms :: Papers

The Five Main Sets of Value Paradigms According to the text there are 5 main sets of value paradigms: values from a perspective of traditional certainty, values from a perspective of post modern Relativism, values from an environmental perspective, the new-age perspective and values from an eclectic perspective. So lets examine that fundamentals of each paradigm to get a better view. The first and probably the most formal of all the paradigms is the perspective of traditional certainty. This set of values is more or less religious in nature, with the majority of its followers espousing monotheistic or one-God beliefs. Despite all the differences between the ideologies of monotheistic cultures, the one truth that holds constant is that of â€Å"divine order†. This cultural universal constant contends that everything has intrinsic value and therefore must be studied and protected. And out of the chaos that comes with our daily mundane existence, there will ultimately be a supreme order, which everything adheres to. The values of postmodern relativism on the other hand are completely different. This paradigm concentrates almost exclusively on the mundane and materialistic aspects of life. Postmodern relativism can be divided into two major parts: the pragmatic/weak form and the nihilistic/or strong form. In the pragmatic view, one’s main goal in life is to strive for all the luxuries that the world can offer and achieve personal happiness. A pragmatic believes that there is no ultimate reality, but chaos. But despite this seemingly bleak overview of the world, they still believe that we must strive to be decent and merciful to other people. To quote David Greegor â€Å"we must act as though we still believe in absolute values favoring a â€Å"good† in which we no longer believe†. According to the nihilistic or strong form of postmodern relativism there is no real meaning to anything. They espouse a sort of â€Å"anything goes attitude† wherein they believe whatever h appens happens and there is nothing more. According to this view, the world around us is just an illusion and the fundamental building blocks of all that is considered real, are in fact more real than the entities they make up. Ultimately a nihilistist’s fate will fall into the hands of entropy and once again turn toward chaos. Values from an environmental perspective are somewhat different from all the others mentioned here. The environmental perspective stresses that nature is a main source of many of the values we see everyday.

Essays by American Minorities Essay

1. The Age of White Guilt by: Shelby Steele In this essay written by African American Shelby Steele, he tells of the hard times of his people. He leads the reader through his experiences in the civil rights movement and compares the life of an African American in the 1960’s and one in the present day. He writes that African Americans today would have to use ever ounce of their intelligence and imagination to find reasons for them not to succeed in today’s society. He goes on to say that African Americans use the harm done for them in the past and try to use it as guilt for the white Americans. It goes on to explain the importance in fighting for a cause in a group and not breaking off as individuals. 2. I’m Black, your white, who’s innocent? By: Shelby Steele In this essay by Shelby Steele, he tells about the inequality of blacks even in today’s society. I think it also shows the tenderness in the subject of racism and inequality even today. He also writes of how he used to use white liability against white Americans and how it gave him much guilt. He also tells how young African Americans still blame racial problems to be the motivation of many things done by African Americans. He says that an African American that points out white shame is showing power and that when whites respond with silence that that is also a gesture of power. He ends with saying that that whites and blacks truly fear the sacrifices that come with total racial harmony. 3. I hated Tonto by: Sherman Alexie In this essay written by Native American Sherman Alexie, he points out the racial stereotypes that accompany the Native Americans that were given to them by America and the rest of the world. He tells of how he used to accept the racial stereotypes of his people when he was a kid but now he understands how embarrassing the stereotypes were. 4. Why don’t we complain by: William Buckley This essay by William Buckley tells of the difficulties of society and how, instead of taking action when we are mistreated, we just stand by and let the violators have their way. It also tells of how people often wait on others to take action instead on doing so themselves. He says this is because we are afraid to make our voices heard and afraid that someone will get their feelings hurt. He also says that when we do complain, we shouldn’t do so in a calm voice like you are scared but in a bold, demanding voice that lets the person know that you mean business. He says that Americans are not comfortable taking actions in difficult situations because we live in an age of technology where we rely on machines and computers to do things for us, but in earlier times, if we needed something we got up and did it. 5. Just Walk on By by: Brent Staples This essay written by Brent Staples tells of the first time the author experienced a negative reaction from someone just because he was black. He tells of how he noticed signs of fear when people saw him and realized that most of Chicago’s rapists and muggers were black and that his appearance could cause fear. He tells of how society tells us that we should be tough and shouldn’t back down and how some young men take this literally and get into trouble. Essays on the Use and Power of English 1. Politics in the English Language by: George Orwell This essay written by George Orwell tells of the inaccurate and misuse of the English language in today’s society. He says that instead of â€Å"foolish thoughts† coming from language, language comes from foolish thoughts. He also says that metaphors and other types of figurative language used today do not lead to concrete ideas. He says that vagueness is the most common characteristic of the English language. 2. How English is Evolving into a Language we might not understand by: Michael Erard This essay by Michael Erard tells of how the English language is being used in many other countries including China but is not being thoroughly explained which leads to misuse of words and different pronunciations. He tells of how China and other Asian countries are making changes to the languages such as pronunciation of vowels and words. He also says that Asians will introduce tone to the English language which means if a word is pronounced with a different tone it means a different word. He tells the reader that there is nothing wrong with the language and it is just as proper as any other English and that it might even be more efficient. 3. Do Our Writers Abuse the English Language? by: Dr. Rossiter Johnson This essay written by Dr. Rossiter Johnson tells of the criticism from our cousins the English against American writers. It tells of how the British criticism is accompanied by their idea of our ignorance. It tells that the British believe that there is no way that American writers can possibly improve when it comes to proper use of the English language. Johnson then points out some British writers that have misused the language such as Grey and Dean Alford. He tells of the words of Sydney Smith, a British critic that said who reads American books? Who goes to an American play? Who looks at an American picture or statue? Who sleeps in American blankets? What do we owe to American surgeons and physicians? He responds to these words by telling of how Americans have surpassed these accomplishments and have proved Smith wrong. 4. Importance of English in India by: Rajesh Mohan. This essay by Rajesh Mohan is about the role of the English language in India and how it is the language that bonds all the other languages together in the Indian sub continent. The reason English bonds these regions together is because everyone understands it and so that makes it a common language to everyone. It also tells of how English is good for countries who are trying to expand and grow and that Indians recommend other countries to learn English. 5. How English Became a Global Language by: Jennifer Claerr This essay by Jennifer Claerr tells how English has become one of the most commonly spoken languages in the world. She says it is mostly because of its effectiveness. She says that the other reason the world is comfortable with English is because it uses a Romanic alphabet which is easier for Easterners to grasp than other alphabets. The English language is used heavily in television, movies, products, ads, and everything else that many non native speakers feel that they should learn it. So in conclusion this is the reason that English has over 1 billion speakers both native and non native.